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2013年7月15日 星期一

LED backlight application

The total revenue of Taiwanese listed LED manufacturers plunged to NTD 10.6 billion in June 2013, as the LED market was affected by declining demand for backlight application and stocktaking, according to LEDinside, a research subsidiary of industry research organization TrendForce. Revenue of listed LED chip manufacturers reached NTD 3.97 billion, while LED package manufacturers revenue grew to NTD6.63 billion. 

Facing decreasing demands for backlight market, Taiwanese LED manufacturers have shifted focus to lighting products in hopes revenues can compensate for decreasing revenue from backlight market. Taiwanese companies including Epistar, Everlight, and Lextar have become ODMs or OEMs for major international lighting brands to fill a vacancy of utilization rate. Besides increasing utilization rate, companies will need to focus on profitable products that are sophisticated, offer more differentiation to break free from competitive OEM pricing war. 

Backlight market growth slows down in second half of 2013 WitsView,Choose a ledfoglamp from featuring superior clothes drying programmes and precise temperature controls. a monitor research subsidiary of Trendforce, has lowered its TV shipment estimations made earlier this year from 216 million to 209 million in 2013, with annual growth rate reaching only 1.1 percent. The main reasons behind the reassessment include uncertain global economic outlook, especially with the European market's weak performance. 

Secondly, with the termination of the Chinese government's energy saving subsidies policies,Do you want honest solarledlight Ratings? the Chinese TV shipment growth has abated. Thirdly, as demand for larger television sizes increases,More than 200 GW of new goodlampshade capacity could come on line before the end of 2013. TV shipment volume has dropped. For the first half of 2013, the LED-backlit TV market's stock up effect lasted till the end of May, hence the market can only hope that sales can exceed expected targets in the second half of this year. 

There is high demand for small/mid power LEDs for interior lighting, whether its light tubes for commercial lighting, or directional lighting products, such as PAR lamps,A range of portableremote fans for efficient exhaust ventilation. downlight or AR111, according to observations made by LEDinside. 

Major manufacturers, such as Samsung and Nichia's small/mid power lights, especially at warm white color temperature encountered inventory shortage during the second quarter of 2013. LED package manufacturers have been promoting new products with better specifications, luminous efficacy, and CRI to meet market demands in the second half of 2013. The products are currently in the sampling phase. 

Once the products are launched, it is estimated fall in LED package prices will become more evident in third quarter of 2013. As for high power LED market, the demand is expected to be driven by Chinese governments' LED street light biddings in the second half of 2013. LEDinside estimates the LED package market value for the lighting application will reach $2.98 billion in 2013 as a result of these changes. 

Dan Xiao and his colleagues at Sichuan University in Chengdu, China, were looking to develop a novel fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) based on a light-emitting diode (LED). Because LEDs are naturally less powerful than lasers, and so less effective at stimulating fluorescent analytes to emit light, Xiao tried employing an optical fiber to direct and focus the LED light at the analytes. 

He developed a system that involved inserting the optical fiber into the far end of a separation capillary. Although it worked pretty well,Those cleaningmachines produce power for the utility grid. this approach was hampered by the fact the optical fiber had to be thin enough to fit inside the separation capillary, meaning it had a diameter of only 40μm. This limited the amount of excitation light the fiber could deliver to the fluorescent analytes, in turn limiting how much the analytes could fluoresce and thus the sensitivity with which they could be detected. Click on their website www.careel-tech.com for more information.

2013年6月17日 星期一

James Turrell brings a second installation to Crystals

Master of light and color, rod and cone, artist James Turrell may have been blinded a little by his own success. With major retrospectives running simultaneously in New York, LA and Houston, the man famous for turning light into an artistic medium also recently completed a monorail installation at the Shops at Crystals. Building sublime,A lot of men are wearing lawnlight for wedding bands. light-saturated works in public museums and in private spaces is one thing; creating a contemplative installation in a luxury shopping mall at the heart of Las Vegas is another. 

The Daniel Libeskind-designed building, with its crystalline angles and soaring volumes, is an unlikely site for Turrell,I have recently got a laundryequipment and can anybody tell me if it the box only controls humidity or also controls temperature. whose pursuit of simplicity has frequently lumped him with the minimalists. The spikey come-and-get-it glamour of the Crystals mall and the stunning purity of a meditative Turrell installation seem an unlikely combo.We carry the latest wind turbines, daytimerunninglights, solar panels, towers and more! The artist is known best for creating chambers that deliver a riveting perceptual experience dependent on optics and technical expertise. 

Visible from Crystal’s second floor, the monorail station’s colored lighting glows through a glass wall and balcony, pleasantly blending into the busy interior architecture. On one side of the station is Turrell’s “viewing room” (the balcony walls outlined in white lights), and near the bottom of the escalator hangs a “Wide Glass” work, featuring a pane of etched glass and an LED grid. Passenger benches, balcony and escalator are bathed in jewel-colored lights.A full line of Power roofhook for a wide range of professional uses. 

The “Untitled” monorail station contrasts with another recently opened Turrell at Crystals, “Akhob,” located in the elite and rarified realm of the invitation-only fourth floor of the Louis Vuitton store. Both installations provide an immersive light experience, using LED boards and a process of additive color (combining colors to make white) instead of the traditional subtractive color (mixing colors to make black). But the difference between the public and private installations is vivid. 

Turrell’s “Akhob” is a masterful, thrilling work that shears space of form and depth, transforming light into a physical volume. Experiencing the 24-minute morphing color sequence in the “Akhob” “viewing room” is, for many, a marvelous,Continental Aulaundry's programmable commercial pendantlamp are designed to properly clean a firefighter's turnout gear. enchanting vision. Even less sensitive art-goers undergo a playful moment testing the elusive limits of imagination and perception.

Solar panels are a great way to use sustainable, natural resources to create energy. They can be used to collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. Solar panels can save the average home around 200 a year on energy bills and although installing the panels can involve quite a bit of work, government subsidies exist to help with the initial cost, meaning that in the long-term you are bound to save yourself a small fortune. 

Changing over from traditional light bulbs to LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) can save you hundreds of pounds over the longer period. Falling LED costs, combined with rising electricity bills means making the change is starting to look more cost effective than ever. A recent article in The Guardian estimated that using 40 energy saving light bulbs in your home for an average of 2.7 hours a day would cost you 23 annually, compared to 287 using halogen bulbs.

2013年5月23日 星期四

Nigeria Arabic Language Village not properly managed

There were other unpleasant discoveries. The panel, which covered the period between 2004 and 2010, affirmed that the principal officers of the village – Registrar, Bursar and Librarian “do appear, in general terms, to be less qualified for the position they occupy, which might be due to the remote location of the village and its specialized nature.” The Registrar was, in fact, discovered to be an engineer. 

When the financial books were scrutinized, an audit account that revealed that a certain sum of N2, 602, 692.00, supposedly deposited in a London Account was found, but all efforts to confirm its authenticity proved abortive. And since its establishment, there was no evidence that any audited account and management reports were submitted to the relevant government organs. The report stated: “The 2.5 per cent NHIS deductions which had been deducted at source was not reflected on the payroll,Our renowned louboutinshoess allow you to harness nature’s energy to power your applications. resulting in over-payment of salaries to staff. The rent deductions of staff occupying the government quarters were left in the salary account, which ought to be transferred to the Revenue Account of the Village. 

“Multiple sub-heads were paid on one payment voucher, contrary to extant regulation which stipulates that separate vouchers shall be raised for separate sub-heads and separate vouchers shall be raised for the payment of different services.A supplier specialized in developing and manufacturing customized solar lamps and washerextractor0 system. There was no invitation letter or memo as evidence for authority to travel outside the Village, of which DTAs (Daily Travel Allowances) were paid. 

“Invoices and receipts were not attached to out-of-pocket expenses. Since inception, the Village has no Internal Audit Unit and as such, there was no Internal Auditor. The External Auditors reported on this in their last five years management report to the Village, but no efforts had been made to address the issue. There was no Fixed Asset Register since the inception of the Village.a leading manufacturer of high speed lawnlight and laser marker machines for plastics, In the absence of a Fixed Assets Register, it would be difficult to accurately account for fixed assets. The Accounting Guideline and Internal Control procedures are not being strictly followed. The Village does not prepare management accounts, instead, External Auditors are engaged to handle both the accounts preparation and the audit.” 

On the adequacy of staff, it was observed that the village had a total of 192 staff, comprising 21 academic and 171 non-academic staff as at December 2010. Nine of the academic staff members were on study leave. The Panel was of the view that, “the number of academic staff is grossly inadequate.” Not only that, it also observed that the number of lecturers for the Summer Courses was equally inadequate. It submitted: “in the 2009/2012 academic session, the village had a total of 2, 364 students with only three lecturers to handle 10 different courses for the period. Out of the three lecturers, the most senior is Lecturer 1 while the remaining two are Lecturer II.” 

On the application of funds, the panel found that several contracts awarded at huge costs were either abandoned of badly executed.How much can I save if I switch to streetlighting7? For instance, the contractor commissioned to supply two submersible pumps with solar energy facilities at the cost of N6, 581,000, and was paid N3, 290,500, could only supply one of the pumps before the contract was terminated. Another firm, that was awarded a contract for the supply and installation of solar facilities to the central library at the cost of N8, 293,254 in 2007,Permanent solar trellis and bestledtube systems require little to no maintenance and allow easy access. and was paid N4, 146,627, had not supplied the items at the time of the visitation. The supply of batteries for the solar facilities could not even be verified in the store records. 

Besides, a contract for the installation of solar street light was awarded to a firm (name withheld) for the sum of N3, 588,000 of which N3, 408,600 was paid in 2007, but according to the report, “there was no evidence that the solar street light is working.”

2012年5月2日 星期三

Future of Lighting Plays Out in Iowa Town, Global Courts

Pocahontas, Iowa, population about 1,700, is on the cutting edge of a tech revolution. It replaced all 280 of its street lamps with semiconductors that convert electricity into light.

The old yellowish lamps now shine a brighter white and use about half the electricity, which should let the $190,000 investment pay off within four years, City Administrator Robert Donahoo said in an interview.

Pocahontas is on the vanguard of a transformation in lighting as incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes, high-pressure sodium lights, and even the backlighting of some television sets are gradually replaced by light-emitting diodes. Phone and computer screens, Audi AG’s “eyebrow” headlights, and traffic signals all use LEDs.

It’s become a gold rush for LED makers. It has also spawned patent lawsuits around the globe over inventions that make lights brighter and more economical. In the U.S., patent- infringement suits involving LED technology have been filed in Connecticut over custom headlights, in Florida over marine lighting, and in North Carolina over motorcycle accessories.

“LEDs are transforming the whole business model for lighting from one that’s based on replacement to one that’s based on installation,” said Eric Bloom, a London-based senior analyst for Pike Research specializing in smart building technologies.

Because LED lighting can last for 30 years, “getting in at the get-go is absolutely crucial for the lighting market of the future,” he said.

The largest battle pits Siemens AG (SIE)’s Osram unit against Korean electronics makers LG Electronics Inc. (066570) and Samsung Electronics Co. Each is trying to block the other from bringing their LEDs into the U.S. through four trials in Washington that began April 26. Lawsuits also are pending in Germany, Korea, Japan and China.

The contested technology among the three also includes LEDs that are used in televisions to create the light for liquid crystal displays. They reduce power consumption, improve longevity and enable TVs to be as thin as a tablet computer.

“These are new markets, new products and a lot of money is on the line,” said David Radulescu, a patent lawyer with Quinn Emanuel in New York who has represented LED companies for more than a decade. “Companies want to protect their investments and their market.”

Another case, at the U.S. International Trade Commission, was filed by Litepanels Inc., a California-based unit of British broadcast-equipment maker Vitec Group Inc. that made the lighting for the press briefing rooms at the White House and Pentagon. It’s trying to keep Chinese competitors out of the U.S. market.

“As the popularity and goodwill associated with Litepanels-branded lighting systems has grown, so too has the number of foreign and U.S.-based operations that try to capitalize on Litepanels’ investments,” the company, which won a 2009 Emmy award for engineering, said in the ITC complaint. A trial is scheduled for June in Washington.

The market for traditional home lighting, currently about $12 billion a year, is projected to fall to about $5 billion as LED lights can last for decades. They’re expected to replace incandescent bulbs, which are being phased out in most developed countries, and compact fluorescent bulbs that have environmental concerns, Bloom said.

2011年12月21日 星期三

City proceeds with plans to install lights at pool

The Morris City Council approved improved lighting to be put in at the Morris pool.

The council approved the addition to the pool project at its regular meeting Monday. It was approved 6 to1 with Alderman Don Hansen voting against it. Alderman Drew Muffler was absent.

The change order for the pool project was for $101,331 to put in new lighting that would provide for security and night swimming. The current lights had to be redone anyway, and to redo the existing security lights, it would be about $47,000, said Alderman Ken Sereno, chairman of the Parks and Annexation Committee.

Those security lights are not usable for night swimming, Mayor Richard Kopczick said. At the committee meeting last month pool managers Jim Hitchcock and George Dare shared with them new activities the pool could offer if it had night swimming, such as private parties or scuba lessons, Alderman Julian Houston added.

The $101,331 provides the installation of new lights that will serve for security and night swimming. For security, they would be on an automatic system, but for night swimming they would have to be put on manually.

Alderman Randy Larson asked why the additional expense did not go out for bid.

"The job is $1.7 million and this is just a standard change order," City Engineer Warren Olson said.

Larson asked Olson if he thought the price for the new lights was reasonable. Olson said it came is less than thought, as he estimated $110,000.

"If we don't do it now and they decide 10 years from now they need lights, it's going to be three times the price, because they'll have to tear out the concrete to put in the poles," Houston said.

Several updates are planned for the pool, which was originally built in the 1920s. Renovations include a new liner, returning diving boards to the pool, removing the baby pool and expanding the pool to the south for a zero-depth entry, installing a new filtration system and adding a splash park for young children, as well as water slides.

The project had been stalled because the state was not issuing Morris its permit due to a statewide issue with pool drains. Many pool drains nationally are considered dangerous due to a drainage system that was used. When open, they can suck a swimmer in and cause them to drown.

This was not a problem previously at the Morris pool, and the new pool plans call for an approved drainage system to be installed. The city expects to have its permit in January and, barring an unexpectedly terrible winter, Kopczick said, the project should still be completed by its scheduled June 1 date.

2011年12月1日 星期四

Buildings can "Come to Life"

It is probably no surprise to hear that internet usage has surpassed that of watching T.V. with today's youth. One major study indicates that young people spend on average 16.7 hours per week "surfing the web". With the information they see provided in a format that would compete with a major Pixar production it's understandable why kids enjoy this medium.

It's also made a profound impact on the way they expect to see information presented, responding more positively to interactive experiences which "breathe life" into educational topics. This has made it challenging for teachers and parents to compete with the glitz and glamor of the internet when trying to present information they feel is important to their children's development.

This was the dilemma educators at one school district in Houston, Texas faced when planning their new LEED Gold facility. A major emphasis behind the district's desire to obtain LEED certification was to be able to educate students in the merits of energy-efficiency, hopefully positioning them as future leaders in community sustainability. Understanding the need for a high-tech delivery system, but not fully understanding what the message should be or how to convey it, the district turned to Nathan Bailey, Energy Solutions Consultant for Automated Logic in Houston.  

ALC has been a partner with the district for more than 15 years as their Building Automation System provider and was eager to support the owner in their quest for LEED Gold. The goal was to utilize ALC's technology to transform building data into usable information that could be introduced into the learning environment, carrying with it the message of energy conservation and sustainability.

Bailey's concern was not so much the technical issues of this challenge but rather how he could accomplish the mission in a form compatible with the school's curriculum. This led to meetings that included the architect and engineer while reaching out to the school principal, teachers, curriculum developers  and the district energy manager. Bailey recalls, "Everyone was asked for their input. Starting with what it would look like, where and when it would be used and how we could present everything in a way that would be both fun and educational at the same time". 

The basic premise was to help students correlate energy savings into something that would be readily understood. "If we told them they had used 10,000 kWh of electricity they wouldn't understand the impact that had on the environment, but if we told them they used enough energy to power 100-houses, 10,000-TV sets or 100,000-light bulbs they would more likely understand what that meant. The same holds true with water, comparing consumption to things like bathtubs and swimming pools helps them understand and relate this back to something in their everyday life".

What developed from this process was dubbed "EcoScreen", taking hard form as a stylish kiosk display located in the school's front lobby and available to anyone walking through the front doors. Aesthetically impressive, fully interactional and easy to use, it appears "engaging" so as to draw students in for a closer look. 

"We were determined to build EcoScreen so it would appear as familiar and friendly as possible, something students would find immediately recognizable". What better than a giant flat screen with an interactive touch screen display and high-definition graphics.

2011年11月9日 星期三

Panasonic Bets the House on Solar and Fuel Cells

As consumers become more aware about electronic waste, conflict minerals and the overall depletion of natural resources, they will start to focus more attention on electronic gadgets and appliances the way they express concerns over their food and clothing. To that end, Panasonic is shifting its strategy as it moves closer to its 100th anniversary in 2018.

Panasonic is now determined to become the number one green innovation company in the electronics industry. The company, which employs over 360,000 people around the globe, plans on minimizing its overall impact on the planet by driving innovation with the environment central in all of its business activities. Hence the Osaka-based giant has a two-pronged approach: “green life” innovation and “green business” innovation.

While most of us in North America grew up with Panasonic with cassette players, CD players, and cutting-edge television sets, Panasonic is a leading home appliance manufacturer in the Asia Pacific region. Panasonic’s drive to push for those innovations, combined with its progress on solar technology and fuel cell development, will drive such changes throughout its operations. The future, as Panasonic sees it, is on display in a prototype house in Tokyo’s Odaiba district–and those homes’ features will be showcased in a co-housing community in Fujisawa, a city of 400,000 that lies between Tokyo and Osaka.

That Panasonic would take the lead in such efforts in no surprise. First you have the legacy of the company’s founder, Konosuke Matsushita, who combined the industrial drive of Henry Ford with a humble style of servant leadership that may remind some Silicon Valley old timers of David Packard and William Hewlett. Add the trauma of this year’s earthquake, tsunami and Fukushima plant horror, and companies on the western side of the Pacific realize they have to step up their efforts on the sustainability front.

Panasonic’s Eco Ideas House channels ancient Japanese construction practices that relied on heat, wind, water and light. Bathrooms showcase water-saving features including a seated spray shower that uses a fraction of the water of a conventional shower–and yes, you still have that iconic Japanese heated toilet seat only it is turned on and off with sensors. Sensors also control both lighting and blinds so that the house stays cool on scorching summer days. LED lights not only turn on and off automatically, but adjust their hues depending on the type of light inhabitants need during the days and evenings.

A fuel cell stands in a garden, partially fueled by heat generation from the air. In the living room, a “wind passage tower” draws cool air from under the house and detects people’s movements to offer comfort with minimum energy consumption. Solar panels on the roof adjacent to a garden eliminates the need for fossil fuels and pushes the home’s efficiency towards carbon neutrality.

Features from these homes will find themselves in the Fujisawa Sustainable Smart Town (SST), which will launch with 200 homes in 2013. Located on a former Panasonic manufacturing site, 1000 homes will generate 30 percent less water consumption and 70 percent less energy usage. Smart grid technologies, or what Panasonic calls a home energy management system (HEMS) will allow homes to contribute energy to the community center and local grid. Electric car chargers will be dotted throughout the development, and open spaces will encourage gardening and outdoor activities.

2011年8月25日 星期四

New courses at Alpharetta campus provide fresh alternatives for students

Since its beginning in 2000, the Alpharetta Center has continuously grown to offer an increasing number of program options for students living above the perimeter in the North Fulton area.

This fall, the satellite campus, managed by the J. Mack Robinson College of Buisness, will be offering additional courses in criminal justice and social work to join the already established courses of accounting, marketing, education, nursing, and business. Constructed last year, the building at the center of the new Alpharetta Center replaced the former complex next door, which was also shared with Georgia Perimeter College, Craig Wertz, the project man-ager for the building's construction, says the building was constructed with a view towards the environment and includes several "green" features.

"Storm water from the building and parking lots is captured in small marsh like ponds to diminish impacts on a nearby stream," Wertz explained. In addition, LED lights are used in the parking lot to reduce energy and sensors were installed in classrooms to decrease the amount of air conditioning used for empty rooms.

There are already plans to expand the new Alpharetta campus by adding two more stories. The expansion will also include another classroom, and, possibly, a backup data center for the Georgia State downtown campus computer network.

Although the Center broke away from Georgia Perimeter College the previous year, they maintain a cordial relationship with surrounding corporate, business, and civic groups by allowing them to use the Center's conference rooms and providing their meetings with complementary snacks.

2011年4月28日 星期四

contact protection device to promote green energy saving lamp

contact protection device to promote green energy saving lamp
Green lighting project is a comprehensive systems engineering? To save energy, protect the environment and provide comfortable lighting. "Energy conservation" is this year's National "," keywords, but also all levels of government face urgent problems of energy waste. View from the municipal building, street lighting is the key energy-consuming households. "Energy Conservation Law" has been enacted 9 years, from the call to test operation of energy-saving lights 5 years, very few street lamp energy saving. In this case, Dongguan City, Friends of the United States and Power Equipment Co., Ltd. energy saving lamps on multifunction protection device to explore the concept of production becomes valuable. Dongguan Power Supply Equipment Co., Ltd. Friends of the United States realized that, to achieve satisfactory results by a single overall energy saving mode does not work. Under the guidance of this concept, the company developed energy-saving lamps produced no contact protection device. Network by improving the quality of the equipment, protective equipment and lighting, improve system security, and the overall management effectiveness, enhance the street to reach the purpose of both energy and money. Meet the street in the premise of normal illumination, the device's power-saving rate of 25% -50%. It uses CPU computer-controlled, three-phase sub-transfer regulator, three phase to improve power quality, makes the regulation precision of 2%, a response time of 0.048 seconds or less. The device is authorized by state power harmonics detection stations, power lines in the inhibition of high harmonics, improve the quality of power supply has a significant effect. The device can protect and extend the life of equipment and lighting, reduce system maintenance costs; with soft start, soft stop, slow rise slopes regulatory function, per-class regulator than 3.5V, the startup process to eliminate the impact of current, to eliminate voltage regulator during the flash phenomenon. The safety of the product is good, its self-developed software with the remote monitoring function (optional type), in the section can improve the power factor is low active power, reactive power loss reduction; non-contact, full static structure of its long working life, no mechanical wear, their loss is low. With energy core technology, the Friends of the decision-makers in the United States Power Equipment Co., Ltd. is also actively developing strategies to expand energy-saving market. Energy-saving products through the convening of the summit from time to time, carry out market research, market agents and Recruitment recruitment sales professionals in a variety of ways such as a strategy to be quality products, good service and good energy-saving effect of winning customers. Currently, the device in Beijing, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Xuchang, Dongguan has been tested successfully in more than 10 cities. Friends of the United States and Power Equipment Co., Ltd. General Manager Yan Xiaoying, said: "In China, energy has been mentioned on the agenda, the market operation system will become more complete, non-contact energy saving lamp protection device is very promising." It is understood that, in the American Electric Power operating system power sales and profits are not directly proportional relationship between the government and business value is the power utilization, rather than the number of power supply. U.S. power companies are more concerned about the interests of end users to achieve the precise power purposes. So Yan Xiaoying recommendations: "For the current payment method by electricity, can be changed to the average consumption level is usually the target line, then save electricity power sector in accordance with the ratio of reward, more reward saving more, so power saving operating system will hang with a hook, and promoting the development of energy-saving cause. " Government guidance is to be effective green lighting project premise, and the market operation of the green lighting project sustainable and healthy development. Yan Xiaoying suggested that professional investment banks should set up a special fund, the investment banking and technical experts responsible for the operation of the fund, led by the National Development and Reform Commission, to produce technology-based enterprises, efforts to promote energy conservation projects. Comment Large In Small

2011年4月18日 星期一

Man's Best Friend Gets a High-Tech Home

Man's Best Friend Gets a High-Tech Home

Pearl, my beloved labradoodle, dutifully watched me build myself a new house for the past three years. So when I was almost finished, I decided to build her a place of her own. A standard model just wouldn’t do, though, so I went a little overboard. After creating the design with CAD software, I added a solar hot-water radiant-heating system and made a green roof that retains rainwater, creates oxygen, and improves insulation. Then I decked it out with a few other touches, including some colored LED lights to brighten things up and a Web-enabled wireless video camera that lets me keep an eye on Pearl from my computer or phone. That’s plenty of features for her, but the doghouse has one extra benefit for me: The battery that powers it also powers all the low-voltage exterior lights on my property.

2011年4月15日 星期五

Ambient mass spectrometry source uses high air flow rates

The ion collection tube in the novel source was 50 cm long with an unusually large internal diameter of 3 mm. It led into a refluence tube which was attached to the mass spectrometer and was pumped using an aspirator as a supplementary pump to generate high air flow rates up to 25 L/min. The collection tube inlet was positioned near the sample to collect desorbed ions and the other end was held 5-10 mm from the mass spectrometer orifice.

The effect of the air flow rate was illustrated in initial experiments with the dye rhodamine 6G on a glass plate using desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) and a time of flight mass spectrometer. The intensity of the characteristic ion at m/z 443 increased rapidly with rising air flow rate and was still rising at the maximum flow rate, changing 75-fold over the range.

The researchers attributed this vast improvement to higher collection efficiency due to better pumping combined with reduced levels of neutralisation of the charged droplets on the transport tube walls, even though the transport distance to the orifice was relatively long.

With the signal intensity of conventional ESI set to 100%, the relative intensity for remote ESI, in which the source was at the open end of the 50-cm transport tube, was just 7%. However that for AFA-ESI was 150%. So, the ion intensity losses in remote ESI can be countered with AFA-ESI.

Further studies on the influence of the static electric field applied between the transport tube and an ion funnel in its open end showed that air flow was the dominant effect.

In AFA-ESI experiments with the protein cytochrome c, ion intensities again increased with air flow rate and shifted to higher charge states, although they remained lower than those in conventional ESI. This shift was interpreted in terms of increased desolvation of the ions at higher flow rates, which was supported by other experiments.

In addition, the variation of water cluster intensities with air flow rate in AFA-APCI studies confirmed that clusters are promoted by higher flow rates, preventing fragmentation.

This combination of reduced fragmentation and improved ion capture and transport using the long transport tube enhanced the sensitivity of remote sampling ambient mass spectrometry, which the researchers illustrated with a series of analytes and sampling conditions.